New translations of Persian literature into French, the invention of the Aryan myth, increased travel between France and Iran, and the unveiling of artefacts from ancient Susa at the Louvre Museum are among the factors that radically altered France’s perception of Iran during the long nineteenth century. And this is reflected in the literary culture of the period. In an ambitious study spanning poetry, historiography, fiction, travel-writing, ballet, opera, and marionette theatre, Julia Hartley reveals the unique place that Iran held in the French literary imagination between 1829 and 1912. Iran’s history and culture remained a constant source of inspiration across different generations and artistic movements, from the ‘Oriental’ poems of Victor Hugo to those of Anna de Noailles and Théophile Gautier’s strategic citation of Persian poetry to his daughter Judith Gautier’s full-blown rewriting of a Persian epic. Writing about Iran could also serve to articulate new visions of world history and religion, as was the case in the intellectual debates that took place between Michelet, Renan, and Al-Afghani. Alternatively joyous, as in Félicien David’s opera Lalla Roukh, and ominous, as in Massenet’s Le Mage, Iran elicited a multiplicity of treatments. This is most obvious in the travelogues of Flandin, Gobineau, Loti, Jane Dieulafoy, and Marthe Bibesco, which describe the same cities and cultural practices in altogether different ways. Under these writers’ pens, Iran emerges as both an Oriental other and an alter ego, its culture elevated above that of all other Muslim nations. At times this led French writers to critique notions of European superiority. But at others, they appropriated Iran as proto-European through racialist narratives that reinforced Orientalist stereotypes. Drawing on theories of Orientalism and cultural difference, this book navigates both sides of this fascinating and complex literary history. It is the first major study on the subject.

Julia Hartley is a Lecturer in Comparative Literature at the University of Glasgow, prior to which she was a Leverhulme Fellow at the University of Warwick and a Lecturer in Comparative Literature at King’s College London. She completed her BA, Masters, and DPhil in French and Italian at Oxford. In 2017, she also completed a second Masters in Iranian Studies at SOAS. Julia’s first monograph, published in Legenda’s Transcript series, was a study of literary vocation in Dante and Proust. Her current research focuses on the reception of Persian literature and representation of Iran in the French long nineteenth century. Her first monograph on this subject will be published by I.B. Tauris in December. Her next monograph, to be published by Edinburgh University Press, is on the French archaeologist Jane Dieulafoy and the reception of ancient Iran in fin-de-siècle France. Julia was selected in 2021 as a BBC New Generation Thinker and has since regularly presented her research on BBC Radio 3.