Nationalism that developed in Europe reached the Muslim world in the 20th century, and it
hardly brought peace as it brought ethnic and religious rivalries to the fore. Simultaneously,
the growth of multiculturalism in a globalized postmodern world is threatening national sovereignty. Secular Liberals such as Jurgen Habermas warns that a national consciousness based on a culturally homogenous population has lost its integrative potential at the expense of growing diverse complex societies. Hence, both Eastern and Western scholars ask the same question: what would a new global order look like?