Using large numbers of mostly archival data on prices of basic consumer goods and wages of urban construction workers and employing a demand-side methodology, this study develops decadal estimates for GDP per capita for the Ottoman Empire and its regions from the 1570s until World War I. We find increases in GDP per capita remained limited before the nineteenth century but totaled about 40 percent during the century until WWI. GDP per capita for the Ottoman Empire as a whole lagged behind those for Italy and Spain during the entire period but was higher than those for India and China for most of the eighteenth and during the nineteenth century. Our estimates add to other recent evidence that regional differences in income per capita could be quite large in the pre-industrial period. Inside the empire, the Marmara region including the capital city of Istanbul had the highest rates of urbanization and highest levels of GDP per capita. During the nineteenth century industrialization remained limited and regions that participated more in exportation of primary products experienced higher rates of economic growth.